sufficient cause of disease AXIA

Rothman's model of sufficient and component causes (1, 2) introduced in 1976 is one of the most discussed causal models in epidemiology.Despite some inherent limitations (3, 4), this model seems to be appropriate to reflect the multiplicity of causal pathways and the biologic interaction among component causes.The pie-chart description of possible classes of sufficient causes is an . causes, each of which cannot cause disease by itself but is effective in combination with the other component causes. A second sufficient cause indicates that the exposure can be preventive (denoted by , the absence of exposure) in the context of other causal partners (W). In the field of epidemiology, the causal mechanisms responsible for diseases can be understood using the causal pie model, where each pie in the diagram represent a theoretical causal mechanism for a given disease, which is also called a sufficient cause. This commentary provides an overview of Rothman's "sufficient cause" model as a framework for consideration of the oral-systemic diseases link. No single component is sufficient to cause the disease, and one (genetic predisposition, for example) may be necessary in all cases. We examined the statistical properties of the proposed method using a . Learn more about the symptoms, causes, tests, and treatments for hypothyroidism. Sufficient-Component Cause Model: Causal Heuristic A heuristic is a learning tool used to simplify concepts. An example would include poor nutrition leading to obesity, however, sedentary lifestyle, stress and other factors could have also caused the disease. Only with such a disease model will it be possible to investigate the relation between the occurrence of a determinant and dental caries . What is the difference between a necessary cause of disease and a sufficient cause of disease? Vitamin B1: Vitamin B1 deficiency causes beriberi, which weakens muscles and leads to weight loss. Without this antecedent event the disease event either would not have occurred . Accordingly, a view of disease as multifactorial now dominates epidemiology. Diabetes. A disease may have more than one sufficient cause, with each sufficient cause being composed of several component causes that may or may not overlap. This is typically because the arteries are damaged, diseased, or blocked, all of which can disrupt . For example, without water and oxygen, there would be no human life; hence these things are . Vitamin B1: Deficiency of vitamin B1 causes beriberi, which results in weak muscles and severe weight loss. Gastrointestinal disorders, swallowing difficulties, diarrhea or constipation, unexplained vomiting, cramping, reflux. SUFFICIENT CAUSE A cause is termed sufficient when it inevitably/certainly produces or initiates a disease. Rothman's model has been useful on several accounts. These are all we have to work with. Aschengrau and Seage use the example of causation of AIDS. Respiratory (breathing) problems. Supposing these are the only causes of liver cancer, an individual can either get liver cancer from exposure to: (1) a metabolic polymorphism of the glutathione-S-transferase gene (the GSTm1 deletion), aflatoxin and U 1, or (2) hepatitis C infection, alcohol and U 2. True or False False The parasite, Dracunculus medinensis is also known as A. Caduceus B. -Necessary cause: if the "cause" is not present the disease or "effect" will not develop -Sufficient cause: if the "cause" is present the disease or "effect" will occur. also the Court has to exercise discretion judiciously and. Vitamin B1 deficiency causes beriberi. Given a disease or medical condition, there is a causality chain of events from the first event to the appearance of the clinical disease A cause of a disease event is an event that preceded the disease event in a disease causal chain. The 'sufficient cause' model for dental caries is a biological model in which distinction between protective and risk-increasing factors has been made, and interaction between factors has been described. A component that appears in every pie or pathway is called a necessary cause, because without it, disease does not occur. A sufficient-component cause is made up of a number of components, no one of which is sufficient for the disease on its own. [1] Each pie is made up many component factors, otherwise known as component causes. This is not an exhaustive list, nor does it indicate the most likely causes of the next epidemic. Sufficient causes: If x is a sufficient cause of y, then the presence of x necessarily implies the presence of y. The first list of prioritized diseases was released in December 2015. 3. When all the components are present, however, a sufficient cause is formed. M ltif t i l M d lMultifactorial Model (R h ' l i )(Rothman's causal pies) zA particular disease may result from a variety of different A sufficient cause is a constellation of component causes, the causal pie, that leads to an outcome. Learn more about the symptoms, causes, tests, and treatments for hypothyroidism. Because more than one set of components may be sufficient for the same effect, a disease may have multiple causes. Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Component Cause & Necessary Cause ABCD Unknown 18 Koch's Postulates 1. A disease may have many different sufficient causes, and a particular factor may be a component of more than one sufficient cause. A sufficient cause contains a combination of component causes. we found that mild central nervous system (cns) sulfatide losses within myelinating cells are sufficient to activate disease-associated microglia and astrocytes, and to increase the expression of ad risk genes (e.g., apoe, trem2, cd33, and mmp12 ), as well as previously established causal regulators of the immune/microglia network in late-onset Susceptibility might be on the basis of age, sex, ethnic group or occupation. In epidemiology, the sufficient-component cause model described by Ken Rothman is an example of a heuristic which shows the multicausal nature of disease. A sufficient cause of disease is an exposure that may produce a particular outcome but may not be the only cause of that outcome. Plasmodium species are indeed central to malaria. The Rod of Asclepius C. A schistosome D. The guinea worm D Infectivity is measured by A. Mortality Rate B. The pancreas is a glandular organ. A sufficient cause is a constellation of component causes, the causal pie, that leads to an outcome. Spanish Flu was the biggest disease of the century, killing more people in 1918-19 than the war . the exercise must be to advance substantial justice. Thyroid problems. A set of component causes occurring together may complete the "pie", creating a sufficient cause and thus initiating the disease process. A component cause can be a component of more than one sufficient cause. Rothman's sufficient component cause model 1, 2 p. 5-9, 80-82 is familiar to most epidemiologists. The role of bacteria in the causes of some diseases was only gaining more and more evidence and the growing disciple of virology was equally gaining ground. For example, diabetes occurs due to an inability to produce or utilize insulin, goitre is mainly caused by iodine deficiency, and kwashiorkor is caused by a lack of proteins in the diet. Some unhealthy lifestyle choices that can contribute to heart disease include: living a sedentary lifestyle and not getting enough physical exercise eating an unhealthy diet that's high in fat. The idea is that a sufficient causal complex (a pie) is represented by the combination of several component causes (slices of the pie). They occur due to the deficiencies of hormones, minerals, nutrients, and vitamins. Factors involved in disease causation: Four types of factors that play important role in disease causation. Contaminated food (salad) is the sufficient cause. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps . PMID: 20678223 PMCID: PMC2922199 If and only if all the component causes that make up a causal pie of some sufficient cause are present does the outcome occur. These would include a host, which might be an individual or group of individuals who are susceptible to the agent. An outcome will inevitably occur if (and only if) an individual has all of the components in at least one sufficient cause. A) Necessary cause B) Component cause C) Sufficient cause. Based on the structure of the MSC model, an individual exposure (called a component cause) does not usually cause disease alone, but rather works with other component causes to form a sufficient cause. between sufficient causes - It is theoretically possible every case of outcome has a unique pie 16 f Take home message 1: All disease causation is multifactoral and mechanisms are complex 17 f Sufficient Causes Minimally sufficient - Each sufficient cause has a unique set of components and none is extraneous Necessary cause The. In the fluoride endemic areas, there may be several. The one, such as a person, event, or condition, that is responsible for an action or result. A set of conditions without any one of which the disease would not have occurred is called a: (1 point) a. sufficient cause. The causes that we are able to identify are causal risk factors: neither necessary nor sufficient. Using a published prioritization methodology, the list was first reviewed in January 2017. Heart, liver or kidney diseases. Redundant causation from a sufficient cause perspective Epidemiol Perspect Innov. Reducing such a factor among a population should reduce occurrence of the disease. One concept of causation assumes a one-to-one correspondence between cause and effect. The model is deterministic in nature, positing that the disease is destined to occur once a sufficient cause is completed. https://wb.md/3zeQ90y . For example, Rothman and Greenland's influential component cause model of causation is essentially deterministic. Their answers change. show "sufficient cause" and there may be a ground in that. Hypothyroidism, also known as underactive thyroid disease, is a health condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce sufficient levels of thyroid hormones. regard which cannot be disputed. Necessary causes: If x is a necessary cause of y, then the presence of y necessarily implies the presence of x. The presence of Salmonella is necessary cause. The model also has a stochastic part. By now they are sure that the parasite Plasmodium species is what triggers the disease. However, another cause z may alternatively cause y. the assembly of factors connected with each other in some form of coherent relationship; all working towards the same or common goal An epidemiologic study must begin with 1. the various states of health (or disease) 2. the transition from one state to the other (dynamism) 3. the determinants that affect the system under study The 20 th century was notable for two world wars but also for medical science and pandemic. You may need more than just HIV infection for AIDS to occur. This answer is correct. For the disease to occur it needs the combination of what have been called 'sufficient' factors. To use heart disease as an example, the component causes, or " risk factors " could include poor diet, little or no exercise, genetic predisposition, smoking, alcohol, and many more. If disease does not develop without the factor being present, then we term the causative factor "necessary". (ie, Mycobacterium tuberculosisis necessary but not sufficient to cause disease). Rothman defined a sufficient cause as ".a complete causal mechanism" that "inevitably produces disease." Consequently, a "sufficient cause" is not a single factor, but a minimum set of factors and circumstances that, if present in a given individual, will produce the disease. The pancreas produces both enzymes and hormones. True b. cause of disease a factor (e.g., characteristic, behavior, or event) that directly influences the occurrence of a disease. Deficiency Diseases. But what. Sufficient Cause : Sufficient cause imply a complete causal mechanism, a minimal set of conditions and events that are sufficient are sufficient to cause disease or outcome to occur. A basis for an action or response; a reason: The doctor's report gave no cause for alarm. Necessary cause is the component of sufficient cause. (1 point) a. cause, component a factor that contributes to a sufficient cause (see also cause, sufficient). Nevertheless, common chronic diseases to which periodontitis is associated have multifactorial etiologies. Hypothyroidism, also known as underactive thyroid disease, is a health condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce sufficient levels of thyroid hormones. The diseases identified through this process are the focus of the work of R& D Blueprint. b. A component cause of a disease is an event required for the disease to develop. Increased risk of infection. A sufficient cause, in contrast, is a condition that more or less guarantees the effect in question. The factors or conditions that form a sufficient cause are called component causes. 2010 Aug 2;7:5. doi: 10.1186/1742-5573-7-5. Neurological problems, seizures, migraines, strokes. Sufficient but Not Necessary: Decapitation is sufficient to cause death; however, people can die in many other ways. 1 However, since every person with HIV does not develop AIDS, it is not sufficient to cause AIDS.

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